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Minggu, 02 Desember 2012

WARNING

Definition of Warning :
A warning means information of the danger or unexpected situation that may happen if a person does something.

Social Function :
To inform someone/somebody to be careful.




Expression of warning :


- Look out !
- Be Careful !
- Make sure you don't drop the glass
- Keep alert
- Watch your step!
- Don't be rude!
- Don'd misuse words, that may hurt your friend feelings.
- Don't enter !

Example dialog :

Indrie   : Please be careful. The fog is really     thick. Now I can’t see the road clearly.
Made  : You’re right. What about stopping for a moment?
Indrie  : Good idea! It will be dangerous for us to continue the trip.


 



  
 

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUN

Definition of Definite Pronoun : 
A definite pronoun refers to something that is specific or exact.

for example :
personal pronouns; I, you, we, he, she, it, me, us, him, her, they, them.
demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.
possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, their, its.
interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which, whose.
reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,  

                                    yourselves, themselves.
reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another.
relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that. 





Example :

 - this is a book 
 - Mony is my dog's name.  
 - We playing badminton together. 

Definition of Indefinite Pronoun : 
An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact.

Indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone.

Example :

  • I don't have any.

  • Does anybody have a clue?

  • Anyone can play that game.

 

 


SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER, ETC.

Definition of 'so' and 'too' :
the words so and too are used to combine two positive statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. However, there is a difference while using 'so' and 'too'. Read the following patterns .

so + auxilary verb + subject
subject + auxilary verb + too 

Example :
Oya like playing doll. Aya also like playing doll.
- Oya like playing doll and so does Aya.
- Oya likes playing doll and Aya does too.

Definition of 'either' and 'neither' :
the words either and neither are used to combine two negative statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence.There is a difference while using 'either' and 'neither'. Read the following patterns .

subject + auxilary verb + not + either
neither + auxilary verb + subject

Example :
Wivi is not going to the cinema. Rony is also not going to the cinema.
Wivi is not going to the cinema and Rony is not either.
Wivi is not going to the cinema and neither is Rony.   

GERUND, PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLE

Definition of Gerund :
Gerund is the -ing form of a verb which fuctions as a noun.

Functions of Gerund :
- As a subject
  Example :
  Listening music is my favorite pastime.
- As an object
  Example :
  The student must avoid cheating during the test.
- As an adverb
  Example :
  Please have a drink before leaving.

Present and Past Participle :
Present and past participle have function as adjective.
Present participle is the -ing form and Past participle is the -ed form.

Function of Present participle :
to modify a noun that affects someone or something else.
   Example :
                  The plot of the movie is boring.

Function of Past participle :
to modify a noun that is affects by someone or something else.
   Example :
                  I was really excited after the journey.



ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Definition :
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a word or a group of words in another clause. Adjective clause are often part of a complex sentence.
  
Adjective clauses use 'that', 'who', 'whom', and 'which' to begin the clause :
- That used for humans, animal, and things, in subject or object position.
- Who used for humans in subject position.
- Whom  used for humans in object position.
- Which used for things and animals in subject or object position.
- When used for preposition (in, on , at)
- Where used for place(s).
- Whose used to indicate ownership.      

Example :
> I will introduce you to a friend. He runs a successful business.
   I will introduce you to a friend who runs a successful business. 

I will introduce you to a friend.You have never met him before.
   I will introduce you to a friend who(m) you have never met him before.

> The book is about religion. I bought it in Gramedia bookstore last week. 
   The book which I bought it in Gramedia bookstore last week is about 
   religion.

> The song was very popular in 1990's. I am listening to it.
   The song that I am listening to was very popular in 1990's

> I will take you to the restaurant. I usually have lunch there.
   I will take you to the restaurant where I usually have lunch.

we will never forget the day. My wife gave birth to my son then.
    we will never forget the day when my wife gave birth to my son.

> The old lady has a painting. its value is inestimable.
     The old lady has a painting whose value is inestimable.

Sabtu, 01 Desember 2012

WEATHER REPORTS AND TABLE / GRAPHS



A.    WEATHER REPORTS
Definition : Weather Report or weather forecast is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of principles of physics and mateorogy.
Function:
       To protect life and property.
        Temperature and precipitation, it is important for agriculture,
        For commodities traders in the stock market.
        Climate forecasts are used by utility companies   to estimate demand over coming days.
        To decide what to wear on a given day
        To plan activities,
        To plan ahead and survive.

Example of Weather Reports
Good morning. This is Andrea Giselle with weather report. It will be rainy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for long time. By early afternoon it it ill be synny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening in to the night. Thank you.


B.    TABLES
Definition : The table is a summary of a list of data that informs the form of numbers, arranged by applying, in sequence down certain paths and rows using the row delimiter.
Function
       Describes a fact or information in brief, clear, and more interesting than words.
       To compare the amount of data.
How to read table?
       Observe first title.
       Observe the columns in the table.
       Find the striking difference in the data is either the lowest or the highest average, count if necessary.

C.     GRAPHS
Definition :Graph is a painting or a tidal rise and fall of a state represented by a line or drawing the ups and downs of a data.

Function
       Enables delivery of complex information more easily.
       Can provide a snapshot of information in a clear, simple, interesting, and effective.
       To compare the amount of data.

How to read ?
       Observe the chart title first.
       Observe the right lane and the left or down with respect to the number.
       Find the striking difference in the data.
       Pull conclusions from the data and describe


There are three basic kinds of graphs:
1)       Circle graph.
2)       Bar graph.
3)       Line graph.

1.       Circle Graph
Definition :
A circle graph is a graph in the form of a circle that is divided into sectors, with each sector representing a part of a set of data.
 

2.       Bar Graph
Definition :
Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time, that aren't continuous - especially samplings such as surveys, inventories, etc. 


3.       Line Graph
Definition :
        A graph that uses points connected by lines to show how something changes in value (as time goes by, or as something else happens).
 














EXPRESSING SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION



Asking about satisfaction
-          how do you like your room?
-          is everything O.K ?
-          is everything satisfactory ?
-          are you satisfied?

Asking about dissatisfaction
-          Do you want to complain about something?
-          Was something not to your satisfaction ?
-          Are you dissatisfied with something?
-          Did you find our service satisfactory ?

Expressing satisfaction
-          I really like my new hair cut
-          I’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me.
-         It was satisfactory.
-         It was okay. Not too bad.

Expressing dissatisfaction
-          It is disappointing that.!
-          It is unacceptable
-          This is the limit I won't take any more of...
-          Well, this is most unsatisfactory.
-          The concert is so boring.
-          What an awful meeting
-          It's not as good as I thought.

Example dialog Expressing Satisfaction :

    Agnes   :   How’s your vacation in Bali ?
    Made    :   It was  terrific! The beaches are beautiful and the sun set from Tanah Lot is
                  satisfying.
   Agnes : Really? What else did you do there?
   Made   : Oh, I went parasailing! It was the most breath-taking thing that I’ve ever done.
   Agnes : Wow, it must be a very fun trip for you.
   Made   : Yes,I’m very satisfied with my vacation there. You must go there.
   Agnes : Yes, I think I’ll do that.

Example dialog Expressing Dissatisfaction :
   Basten    : Retno, I thought you were on vacation.
   Rio          : Well, I got back early.
   Basten    : Why?
   Rio          : Well,I didn’t really enjoy being there.
   Basten    : What happened?
   Rio          : Well, the beach was very dirty, and when I got there it was raining
                     heavily.What made it worse was the hotel where I stayed had a bad service.
   Basten    : You seem to be unhappy with your vacation.
   Rio          : Yes, I’m quite displeased about it .